Developing the System of Collective Security Essay

The system of Collective Security indisputably faces certain dilemmas and contradictions. It is clear that the premise of Collective Security still needs cautious legislation. It is only an evolving jurisprudence and its loose ends need to be tied up through concentrated deliberation. A system of Collective Security that would serve the purposes of keeping peace and would sustain continual international onslaught needs to be developed. A coping mechanism that would stand the test of time is of utmost necessity. †¢ QUESTIONS ABOUT ITS UTILITY: War theorists and strategists have questioned the workability of Collective Security. After World War II, there have been arisen 111 military conflicts so far, out of which only 9 have resulted†¦show more content†¦It is true that sovereign states cannot be fully bound by pledges to act in some hypothetical future case. Most international situations are only prophesized now, and there often is no conclusive proof that such a situation threatening international peace may manifest itself. †¢ TENDING TOWARDS UTOPIA: As suggested in the beginning of this paper, the concept of Collective Security tends to be over-ambitious. German Sociologist Karl Mannheim reserves a special term for Collective Security – â€Å"Relative Utopia† – one that tries to be realistic but retains the elements of fantasy. It looks to bridge what might sometimes be unbridgeable. It seeks to civilize a world that constantly heads towards anarchy. Moreover, hypocrisy is often attributed to the ideology of Collective Security, as it uses war to rid the world of war. Although the international theory of Liberalism comes close to advocating Collective Security as a means to a desirable end, the fact remains that Collective Security offers nothing new to the world. The entire system and process works akin to the process of immunization, which gets rid of micro organisms through another breed of micro organisms. Similarly, Collective Security only uses war as a vaccination against war, and this logic is certainly vulnerable to criticism. Although its ends are commendable, its means are definitelyShow MoreRelatedThe Failure Of Technology At NASA1249 Words   |  5 PagesWikipedia-styled application across NASA would allow experienced managers and engineers to create a vast, Web-based encyclopedia of searchable knowledge. This would simplify the process of knowledge capture and retention. The ability to update the system as a projec t progresses, rather than having to archive all of the lessons learned after the project concludes, could prevent a failure similar to that of the Mars Observer. John Casani, a NASA retiree who was brought back to the Mars program as aRead MoreThe National Missile Defense System is the First Step to Another Cold War and the United States Should Not Do It1697 Words   |  7 PagesThe National Missile Defense System is the First Step to Another Cold War and the United States Should Not Do It As we begin the twenty-first century, an increasing number of states around the world are acquiring nuclear capabilities. The sense of insecurity by individual governments is driving many states into developing and testing ballistic missiles. In the mean time, the United States finds itself in a position to develop new technology that will protect themselves against these potentialRead MoreEssay about The Impact of Globalization on State Relationships879 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States, who had become the hegemon of the new unipolar system decided to do this by establishing international institutions. John J. Mearsheimer defines institutions as a set of rules that stipulate the ways in which states should cooperate and compete with each other, and these rules are standards of behavior defined in terms of rights and obligations.4 Three theories of institutionalism, liberal institutionalism, collective security, and critical theory, arose, all of which propose that institutionsRe ad MoreInternational Relations Theories And Global Climate Change Essay1263 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Why has a collective, global solution to climate change become stuck? What international relations theories can explain this and how can they facilitate better cooperation between countries? A global climate change solution has been stuck due to the unwillingness or inability of developed nations like the U.S. to take responsibility of their large share of the past and current greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing emissions in developed countries is not enough, and the weighted actionRead MoreThe Purpose Of A National Cybersecurity Strategy1421 Words   |  6 Pagesreason, the cyberspace security is one of the serious challenges of the 21st century. Therefore, cyber security has been regarded as a strategic and horizontal national challenge that affects all levels of society (Rowe, B. R, 2012). The â€Å"national cyber security strategy† is a crucial tool used purposely to improve and safeguards the resilience and security of national information services and infrastructures. It is said to top-down and high-level approach to cyber security that strives to developRead MoreEssay On Responding To Terrorism1210 Words   |  5 Pages By understanding the steps to prepare for countering and responding to a terrorist, the well-being of US national security interests can be promoted and the exposure to risk and susceptibility to experiencing harm can be efficiently managed for communities, families and individuals in the event of a terrorist incident. The welfare of US national security, citizens and property can be effectively safeguarded through the understanding of protection strategies administered collectively by local communitiesRead MoreUnion Representation And Collective Bargaining Essay1477 Words   |  6 Pagesmajor components of the system of modern industrial relations in any nation, each having their own set of objectives or goals to achieve as per their constitution and each having its own strategy to reach those goals. A trade union is an organisation formed by workers to protect their interests and improve their working conditions, among other goals. It is a continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining and improving working conditions. In developing countries, the right toRead MoreThe Current State Of International Politics2346 Words   |  10 Pagesconflictual to cooperative behavior can be seen in international security, monetary relations, and the environment, as states, combined with new non-state actors have begun to utilize formal institutions to generate solutions to international tribulations. INTERNATIONAL SECURITY The anarchic nature of international politics creates insecurity for states at the international level, forcing states to develop institutions to create their own security. Throughout history, actors have developed various approachesRead MoreDevelopment Of Technology And Social Media Essay1511 Words   |  7 Pagessupporting positive digital competencies. This response to the provided scenario will identify and address the challenges associated with transitioning to an influential leadership role in the ABC school district, while developing a collaborative school culture that will lead to collective responsibility, knowledge and accountability for an emerging future. Evaluating the Problem Stepping into a new leadership role can be challenging—inertia with current practices, traditions, and mental models oftenRead MoreCompetitive Authoritarianism And Political Authoritarianism869 Words   |  4 Pagesdemocratic values in developing worlds. A civil society can develop the economy and minimize conflict. Also, a civil society can sustain democratic consolidation by creating a collective action amongst its citizens 4. democratization after civil war Jochen Hippler Surges of democratization frequently occur after interstate wars, civil wars, and revolutions. Political reform is often resulting in increased demands of oppressed and weaken state. New democracies tend to have security problems and questions

The Usa Patriot Act, a Controversial Public Policy, Julius...

The USA Patriot Act of 2001 is a controversial public policy, which greatly undermines the civil liberties and constitutional freedom of the American people. This essay will moved from an overview of the USA Patriot Act to a review of the critical literature regarding the importance of the Act to the safety of Americans and shows how the Act violates the civil rights and liberties of citizens and noncitizens alike. After presenting sufficient evidence that the Patriot Act violates many of the basic principles that have been articulated in the U.S. Constitution, particularly within the Bill of Rights, I will, propose recommendations that if implemented scrupulously could help to restore American confidence in governments determination to†¦show more content†¦Consequently, law enforcement officials have until passage of the Patriot Act have needed to present a reasonably strong case to a court in order to obtain a warrant to enter a private home or business, confiscate certain types of property, or eavesdrop electronically on private conversations and communications. An ACLU spokesperson maintains that the Act represents an overnight revision of the nations surveillance laws that vastly expanded the governments authority to spy on its own citizens, while simultaneously reducing checks and balances on those powers like judicial oversight, public accountability, and the ability to challenge government searches in court, (Surveillance, 2005, p. 3). From arrests without evidence to random search and seizure, the Act represents a potential danger to the rights and civil liberties of the American people much more than it helps as a practical tool in combating terrorism. Consequently, cities across the United States, according to Schabner (2003), have begun to revolt against provisions of the Act, saying that it gives law enforcement too much power and threatens civil rights. In Massachusetts, the cities of Cambridge, Northampton, and Amherst and the township of Leveret have passed resolutions characterizing the Act as a threat to the civil rights of community residents. Berkeley - California and Ann Arbor - Michigan have also adopted such resolutions, while police in

Investment and Pioneer Petroleum Free Essays

Pioneer Petroleum Case I. Statement of Problem As Pioneer Petroleum continues to progress as a company, they are trying to determine the best way to approach a minimum rate of return. As of right now, they have two approaches they can take. We will write a custom essay sample on Investment and Pioneer Petroleum or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first would be taking a single cutoff rate based on the company’s overall WACC. The second, rather than a single cutoff, there would be multiple cutoff rates due to the risk-profit characteristics. II. Statement of Facts and Assumption Pioneer Petroleum’s approach to capital budgeting was to only accept investments with positive net present value. Currently, Pioneer Petroleum calculated their WACC at 9% shown in Figure 1 below. In calculating their WACC, PPC uses book value weights. When dealing with practicality, it is better to use market value weights because it provides what the expectations of the market and the investors have. By using this information, it can show what a company needs to do to gain new capital. III. Analysis Pioneer Petroleum was created after merging with multiple firms causing it to branch out into different markets. With multiple projects, the most effective thing PPC could do is to implement using single corporate cost of capital to evaluate their multiple projects. By doing this they can interpret different risk associated with different industries. Pioneer Petroleum’s other option would be to use multiple cutoff rates, but going in this direction may not provide the most accurate information since there are many components associated with different industries. IV. Recommendation My recommendation for Pioneer Petroleum would be to use a single cutoff rate and each individual division. It would be wise for them to do this rather than looking at the company as a whole. Not only should Pioneer only invest in projects with positive net present value, but they also need to assume the different risks associated with it. Something else they might consider is the length of the maturity for the project. More risk could be found in younger projects and older projects as well. By using a single cutoff rate, they can analyze more precisely how much it will effect their decisions in the future. Figure 1 WACC = Rdebt(1-TC)(D/V) + Requity(E/V) 9% = . 12(1-. 34)(. 5) + (. 10)(. 5) How to cite Investment and Pioneer Petroleum, Essay examples

Review Game Engines Comparison Between Unity 3D

Question: Describe about the Game Engines Comparison between Unity 3D. Answer: Game engines: Game engines are a software framework. They enable creation and development of game engines for mobile phones, consoles and PCs. A game engines core functionality comprises 2D 3D graphics rendering, physics engine, animation, artificial intelligence, networking, scripting, memory management, sounds, etc. while development of a video game, these game engines perform mostly complex tasks. With this, game developer focuses more on enhancing the appeal of game. It performs different functions at diverse expertise levels. Based on functionality and type, game developers have wide array of game engines between both open source and commercial such as Unreal Engine 4, Game Maker, 4A Engine, Dx Studio, Battery Tech etc. Comparison between game engines Unity 3D This game engine is a monster in independent development of games. It makes real traction with other studios of game development. Its fantastic interface lets you administer the project with great efficiency. It is integrated for cross-platform. This allows porting onto different platforms easily such as android, windows phone, iOS, and blackberry. These features make unity 3D a perfect game engine for mobile game development. It also bears capabilities for consoles development. It supports major 3D applications assets like Maya, 3ds Max, Cinema 4D, Softimage, Blender and lots more. This means that is not restricted to any specific file formats. Having 2D capabilities, it supports 2D physics and sprites. Thus, it is a great game engine for 2D game development too. While it supports any 3D applications integration, it suffers a little bit in editing capabilities of engine editor. It does not have building features and real modeling. That is why everything is required to be created in 3rd party 3D-application. However, it boasts a huge asset library. You can download or purchase a large variety of assets from this asset library. As far as licensing fees is concerned, the unity pro version is $1500 or $75 per month/seat and per platform as well. Its new version, unity 5 has same features as if profiler, professional edition, physically based shading, reflection probes etc. it also has a new render system that enables increase in graphical capabilities of the game engine. Unreal Engine 4 Unreal Engine 4 is an entire suite of tools for game development. For game developers, unreal engine gives each and everything that a developer requires for starting, growing and standing out from the rests. It is brand new game engine, which is released from Epic Games. It is UDKs successor. UE4 possesses some of the astounding graphical capabilities. These capabilities include a new particle-system, dynamic lighting abilities. It handles around one million particles at a time in a scene. However, it has gone through a number of drastic changes as compared to its predecessor UDK. These changes have made it easy to use. It provides you with a learning curve so that you can adapt it easily. It also has become more appealing for fresh game developers. One of the notable changes in UE4 is change in its scripting-language. It has always run-off Unreal Script. However, C++ in Unreal Engine 4 replaces this script. On the other hand, Blueprint System, an intuitive system has replaced the Kismet. Game Maker Studio A game development engine provides you with everything you require to develop an engaging game. It takes away all the barriers to get started. It has a built-in language GML, that enables to learn programming on the without jumping directly into the deep-end coding system. With game maker studio, you can export your game to windows phone or desktop, android, ubuntu, PS3/4, Xbox one, Amazon Fire TV, HTML5, Mac OS X etc. It has intuitive drag-and-drop facility to start an amazing journey of game development. It comes with various features that accommodate your game development. As sound is an important portion of a game, thus game makes gives an immersing audio of high quality. It brings life to your games and adds realistic motions with the help of in-built support. It is supported by esoteric softwares 2D animation that brings life to the games by means of high-end animation. It handles most of the animation tasks for you and thus you have to perform minimum tasks. Its artificial intelligence is actually a simple scripted behavior like object following, walking across a path/platform, or execution of a boss pattern. The scripting of Game Maker Studio is written in GML that is the in-built programming language of game maker. It adds multiplayer with cross multiplayer in your game. As it is based on C language, it gives you power of different programming languages. It allows you to structure the game making it compatible with client/server model. It also makes your game flexible enough to manage network behind the scenes. It price is $299.99. You can make great utilization to develop games even if you have zero experience. Using license key, you can use this game maker studio. Its development is very fast. With the GML programming language, it enables you to develop 2D games. With the help of GML and tutorial available, you can easily teach this game developer and us it accordingly. It is designed with a teaching tool. It is suitable for developing 2D and 3D games with great user interface and enhanced usability. You can learn it easily. Unity 3D Unreal Engine 4 Game Maker Studio Programming language C, C++, C# Assembly, C#, C++ GML Scripting Unity Script, Mono, Boo Unreal Script, GLSL, HLSL GML coding Orientation 2D 3D 2D Hybrid 2D 3D 2D and Hybrid 3D Platform suitable Windows, Play station, iOS, android, blackberry etc. Different computing platforms Diverse computing platform Licensing policy Proprietary (Unity Pro and free version) Proprietary @299.99 Animations and graphics Good Great graphical interface and animations Easy to use and with adaptability for learning References: Game Maker Studio: https://gamemaker.wikidot.com/a-i Unity 3D: https://unity3d.com/unity/engine-features Unreal Engine 4: https://www.unrealengine.com/what-is-unreal-engine-4 Unreal Engine 4: https://docs.unrealengine.com/latest/INT/Gameplay/Networking/ https://steamcommunity.com/app/214850/discussions/0/610573751160348047/ https://www.yoyogames.com/gamemaker/features https://blog.digitaltutors.com/unity-udk-cryengine-game-engine-choose/ https://www.reddit.com/r/gamedev/comments/jmwf0/comparison_of_free_aaa_game_engines_cryengine

Essay On Bullying an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Essay On Bullying by Expert Ellah PHD | 22 Sep 2016 Bullying in school is a vice and a social problem in the school and to the community. It is a worldwide problem that leaves negative consequences to the victims and for the general school climate and for the right of the students to learn in a safe environment without any fear. It and have long term effects to both for students who bully and for their victims. Bullying comprises of the direct behaviors such as hitting, threatening, taunting, teasing and stealing that are initiated by one or more students against their victims. It can also be more indirect by causing the victims to be socially isolated through intentional exclusion which is meant to punish the victims. Boys engage in direct bullying while girls use indirect strategies such as spreading and enforcing social isolation, actions which meant to indirectly intimidate their victim/victims. (Smith, Sharp 1994) Need essay sample on "Essay On Bullying" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Whether the bullying is direct or indirect, the key component of bullying is that the physical or psychological intimidation occurs repeatedly over time to create an ongoing pattern of harassment and abuse Students who engage in bullying behaviors seem to have a need to feel powerful and in control. They appear to derive satisfaction from inflicting injury and suffering on others, seem to have little empathy for their victims, and often defend their actions by saying that their victims provoked them in some way. The problem has become widespread in many schools that the students alone have created cartels and groups based on race and ethnic background, age and the level of education in which the student is in at the moment. Bullying has made some students to abandon some learning institutions because of the bad experience they went through when they were there (Rigby, 1996) In some schools, it has been difficult to contain bullying as the teachers and the school administration has totally failed to involve themselves in controlling it. The students are acting like criminals at school with the full knowledge of the teachers. The students are using the bullying tactics by imitating what they watch in movies and then practice it on other innocent students who are unable to defend themselves. Even though the bullying cases are reported to the school administration, they are treated as mere rumors and so not given much attention as expected. This has facilitated its fast spread as no action is being taken to contain it Studies indicate that bullies often come from homes where physical punishment is used, where the children are taught to strike back physically as a way to handle problems, and where parental involvement and warmth are frequently lacking. Students who regularly display bullying behaviors are generally defiant or oppositional toward adults, antisocial, and apt to break school rules. In contrast to prevailing myths, bullies appear to have little anxiety and to possess strong self-esteem. There is little evidence to support the contention that they victimize others because they feel bad about themselves (Smith, Sharp 1994) The parents of the bullies have also facilitated the bullying because they do not believe that their children are bullies once they have been told. Instead, they say that their children are being accused of some criminal activity which they did not do. They are always defensive and they do not even try to find out whether what they have been told is true or false. This gives the student bullies an opportunity to continue with the bullying as they have the support of their parents. The lukewarm attention from the school administration on the matter also gives the bullies a leeway of doing what they want as they know that they will not be punished. The effects of bullying have been devastating. Those who have been victims of the circumstance have been psychologically traumatized forever and have developed hate to certain specific students, those who bullied them. The victims have also been hurt or harmed through the beatings and kicks. There are permanent marks on their bodies, which become a constant reminder of what was done to them and at the same time affects them negatively as the climate of hate continues to keep on recurring on the individual just at the glance of the body marks. The victims have developed low self-esteem and have taken themselves to be misfits in the school because they are isolated, insulted, intimidated and beaten by other students. This has adversely affected their academic performance and has constantly instilled fear in them as they know that any time they are going to be bullied (Duke, Telljohann 2003) There are incidents where bullying has resulted in the death of the student. The bullying can be so ruthless that it can kill or make the victim to be deformed and most of these cases have ended up in courts and some have been jailed and in the process become criminals while in detention. It has forced the school administration to suspend the bullies from their school and has even sent letters to the neighboring school notifying not to admit certain individuals to their schools because of their bullying behaviors. This has ended careers of the bullies who in the long run turn to the street where they become hard-core criminals. This has now made it become a community problem as the bullies are no longer in school but out there in the community, making life difficult for other law abiding citizens. This has sent fears among the people in the community of Florida and has now forced them to look for the best alternatives of containing bullying firstly in schools before it spreads down t o the community (Smith, Sharp 1994) As school bullying became rampant, it now became necessary for the community of Florida to come up with measures which could help in solving it, and these included; Conducting community training and mobilization sessions so as to bring to the attention of the people that school bullying exists, its origin and effects. There are those who believe that it is rumors until their children have been victims, then that they can believe. There was the need to meet the parents of the bullies discuss with them on this issue and so the community arranged for a counselor to talk to the parents and the children (bullies) on the negative impact of bullying and how they should stop it. The community also took the matter to the schools to complain that bullying was rampant in schools and so they had to take action very fast as their children were suffering from bullying and some were turning slowly to becoming criminals (Smith, 2000) With the 2008 passage of the Jeffrey Johnston Stand Up for All Students anti-bullying law in Florida, schools are mandated to implement bullying prevention policies and programs. This initiative will provide the resources for Florida schools to implement an evidence-based bullying prevention program that has proven results. The Florida Association of School Administrators (FASA) will provide assistance to schools through the Florida Bullying Prevention Initiative. This initiative will pay for program materials and training for two to six schools per district or consortium to implement the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program (OBPP) Up to twenty-five (25) schools will be awarded in February 2009, with the goal of committing more funds to award additional schools in 2009 and 2010. Applications received now will be considered for this first cadre of schools, or may be considered for later funding, if available. (www.olweus.org) The children who had bee bullied were identified, counseled and assured of their safety after the school's administration assured the community that they were going to take up the matter on a serious note. Another important factor in reducing bullying in increasing the pupils' willingness to report to teachers, an apparent relationship between the pupils' perception of the extent to which staff intervened to prevent bullying and a decrease in bullying activity, and a suggested association between increased pupil confidence and satisfaction with the school and a decline in bullying (Sharp, Smith ,1995) The methods of dealing with the problem to determine if things are improving or the individuals and the community could include conducting the counseling sessions to both the bullies and the victims on a regular basis and then make a follow-up find out whether there is any progress or not. The bullies can also be taken to rehabilitation centers for behavioral and moral modeling and then be monitored closely to find out if there is any improvement or if they are continuing with their bullying hobby. If there are acceptable changes, the reformed children could then be taken back to school and continue with their studies and at the same time the other children have to be assured that the bullies had reformed and were now good people like them and could mix freely with them This needs concerted efforts of all those that are going to be involved in ending bullying in schools. (Sharp, Smith, 1995) A teenage girl has sued her private, all-girls Catholic school, claiming it allowed bullying to spread from the classroom to online social networks. The lawsuit was filed Tuesday in Circuit Court against Our Lady of Lourdes Academy, the Archdiocese of Miami and Archbishop John Favalora. According to the filing, the victim, whose name was not included in the lawsuit, was verbally and physically taunted at school by classmates and that the harassment eventually moved online to where she was allegedly targeted with a ``hate page.'' That site allegedly broadcast a threat to ``kill the flea,'' referring to the victim. Both the defendant and a spokeswoman for the archdiocese, Mary Ross Agosta, say there was a meeting at the school between the accused bullies and the alleged victim. Agosta says the bullies were suspended for their actions, but the lawsuit claims the harassment continued and included threats of harm to retaliate for reporting the behavior. The suit claims a nun at the school saw the victim cornered by the alleged bullies but did nothing to stop them. The girl eventually dropped out of the school. Our Lady of Lourdes has an anti-bullying policy that Agosta said was followed. The plaintiff is seeking more than $15,000 in damages and claims she is suicidal and suffers from flashbacks and anxiety (http://www.pacerteensagainstbullying.org) Conclusion Bullying is a serious problem that can dramatically affect the ability of students to progress academically and socially. A comprehensive intervention plan that involves all students, parents and school staff is required to ensure that all students can learn in a safe and fear-free environment. The incidence of violent and antisocial behavior is high both in the schools and their surrounding areas, and students in the schools usually lacked the confidence to report bullying incidents. There should be a consultation process with staff and students to facilitate communication between school members to assist in putting the preventive program into practice. References J.A. Duke, J.H. Price S.K. Telljohann (2003) The Nature and Extent of Bullying at School, New York. K. Rigby (1996) Bullying in Schools and What to do About it, New York. Peter K. Smith (200) The nature of School bullying P.K Smith, S. Sharp (1994) School Bullying Insights and Perspectives S. Sharp, P.K Smith (1995) Tackling Bullying at School.

SAT Score Tables - Compare Admissions Data for Colleges

SAT Score Tables - Compare Admissions Data for Colleges Below youll find links to dozens of articles that can help you put your SAT scores in context for a wide range of colleges and universities. Always keep in mind that the SAT is just one part of your application, and less-than-ideal scores dont need to torpedo your chances of admission if you have strengths in other areas. Top College and University SAT Tables: See how the countrys most prestigious colleges and universities compare on the SAT front (or you can check out the ACT comparison charts). The Ivy LeagueTop Universities (non-Ivy)Top 10 Liberal Arts CollegesTop 10 Public Universities22 More Top Public UniversitiesTop Public Liberal Arts CollegesTop Engineering Schools (PhD Granting)Top Engineering Schools (Bachelors and Masters)Top Womens CollegesTop Catholic Colleges and Universities State University SAT Data: Admissions criteria vary widely from campus to campus within state university systems. These charts can help you find schools that match your SAT scores. Alabama: Four-Year Alabama Colleges and UniversitiesAlaska: Four-Year Alaska Colleges and UniversitiesArizona: Four-Year Arizona Colleges and UniversitiesArkansas: Four-Year Arkansas Colleges and UniversitiesCalifornia: Cal State SystemCalifornia: UC SystemCalifornia: Top California Colleges and UniversitiesColorado: Four-Year Colorado CollegesConnecticut: Four-Year Colleges and UniversitiesDelaware: Four-Year Delaware Colleges and UniversitiesDistrict of Columbia: Four-Year Washington D.C. Colleges and UniversitiesFlorida: State University SystemFlorida: Top Florida Colleges and UniversitiesGeorgia: Top Georgia Colleges and UniversitiesHawaii: Four-Year Hawaii Colleges and UniversitiesIdaho: Four-Year Idaho Colleges and UniversitiesIllinois: Top Illinois Colleges and UniversitiesIndiana: 15 Top Indiana Colleges and UniversitiesIowas: Four-Year Iowa Colleges and UniversitiesKansas: Four-Year Kansas Colleges and UniversitiesKentucky: Four-Year Kentucky Colleges and UniversitiesLouisia na: Four-Year Louisiana Colleges and Universities Maine: Four-Year Maine Collegs and UniversitiesMaryland: Top Maryland Collegs and UniversitiesMassachusetts: Top Massachusetts Collegs and UniversitiesMichigan: 13 Top Michigan Colleges and UniversitiesMinnesota: 13 Top Minnesota Colleges and UniversitiesMississippi: Four-Year Mississippi Colleges and UniversitiesMissouri: 12 Top Missouri Colleges and UniversitiesMontana: Four-Year Montana Colleges and UniversitiesNebraska: Four-Year Nebraska Colleges and UniversitiesNevada: Four-Year Nevada Colleges and UniversitiesNew Hampshire: New Hampshire Colleges and UniversitiesNew Jersey: Four-Year New Jersey Colleges and UniversitiesNew Mexico: Four-Year New Mexico Colleges and UniversitiesNew York: CUNY Senior CollegesNew York: SUNY SystemNew York: Top New York Colleges and UniversitiesNorth Carolina: 16 Public UniversitiesNorth Carolina: Top North Carolina Colleges and UniversitiesNorth Dakota: Four-Year North Dakota Colleges and UniversitiesOhio: 10 Top Ohio Colleges and UniversitiesOhio : 13 University System of Ohio campuses Oklahoma: Four-Year Oklahoma Colleges and UniversitiesOregon: Selective Oregon Colleges and UniversitiesPennsylvania: Top Pennsylania Colleges and UniversitiesRhode Island: Four-Year Rhode Island Colleges and UniversitiesSouth Carolina: Four-Year South Carolina Colleges and UniversitiesSouth Dakota: Four-Year South Dakota Colleges and UniversitiesTennessee: Top Tennessee Collegs and UniversitiesTexas: 13 Top Texas Colleges and UniversitiesUtah: Four-Year Utah Colleges and UniversitiesVermont: Four-Year Vermont Colleges and UniversitiesVirginia: 15 Public UniversitiesVirginia: 17 Top Virginia Colleges and UniversitiesWashington: 11 Top Washington Colleges and UniversitiesWest Virginia: Four-Year West Virginia Colleges and UniversitiesWisconsin: Four-Year Wisconsin Colleges and Universities SAT Scores for Division I Athletic Conferences: For students interested in the excitement of Division I sports, these charts make some of the admissions distinctions between universities clear. America East ConferenceAtlantic 10 ConferenceAtlantic Coast ConferenceAtlantic Sun ConferenceBig East ConferenceBig Sky ConferenceBig South ConferenceBig Ten ConferenceBig 12 ConferenceConference USA (C-USA)Horizon LeagueMetro Atlantic Athletic ConferenceMid-American ConferenceMissouri Valley ConferenceMountain West ConferenceNortheast ConferenceOhio Valley ConferencePac 12Â  ConferenceSoutheastern ConferenceSouthern ConferenceSun Belt ConferenceWestern Athletic Conference More SAT Information: Here are some more articles to help you make sense of the SAT. Whats a Good SAT Score?What Schools Dont Require Scores?When is the SAT?Should I use SAT Score Choice?What Schools Require SAT Subject Tests?Are SAT Prep Courses Worth the Cost?Does the SAT Writing Section Matter?

People have become overly dependent on technology Essay - 1

People have become overly dependent on technology - Essay Example This was the beginning of the end as far as we know it. The social media networks, email, chat rooms, blogs, microwave ovens, etc., all of these technologically dependent outlets of communication, research, and personal connectivity have change the landscape of human interaction as we know it. We have, as a collective planet, become overly dependent on technology for our existence in our everyday lives. Technology is not something that was created in order to create a slew of technology dependent people. Rather, technology is continuously invented, reinvented, and improved upon by its creators in order to help make our lives easier and allow us to keep in personal contact with the people around us. It was never meant to create a bubble within which one can function without ever crossing paths or personally speaking to another person. That was never the idea behind all of these technological advancements. Rather than creating a beneficial synergy between man and technology, a disconne ct was created between man and fellow man due to the middle man known as technology. Our whole world is totally run by technology. All of our actions are dictated by the existence of a gadget that aids us in doing various activities that we used to be able to do without any help from machines or gadgets, but we managed to complete through the help of other people. From the complicated tasks of laying building foundations for the constructions of a building, all the way to the simple task of taking a hot shower, we have given up even the simplest of human activities to technology in order to do things faster, easier, and better. However, one cannot help but wonder as to what is lost by human beings in this aspect. Surely there is a problem with the over dependence of mankind on technology. Take for example, the case of a medical patient who has come in for a check-up. Say this patient had a CT Scan procedure done. The technologist runs the test without knowing that the machine was de fective. The results come out and show the that patient has a tumor, which was not actually a tumor but a problem with the scanning system of the machine. The attending physician relays the same information to the patient and begins to draw up a treatment plan. Nobody bothers to question whether the technology used in the test made a mistake. That is because technology is supposed to be infallible and therefore always correct. Human dependence on technology in this case just caused harm to another human being. This type of technology dependence is something that actually happens quite often these days in the medical field. According to Susan Marden (187) of the Mark Hatfield Clinical Research Center; Technology dependence has been defined as reliance on a variety of devices, drugs and procedures to alleviate or remedy acute or chronic health problems. Health professionals must ensure that these technologies result in positive outcomes for those who must rely on them, while minimizin g the potential for unintended consequences. These unintended consquences have a way of creeping into our daily lives. Technological dependence has redefined the way we live our lives. We have at least 2 generations of people who have never spent time playing outdoors, whose minds were never creatively enticed by what they saw in the park of the people they spoke to. Instead, we have a generation or so of people who hide behind their computer

Carbon Forestry in the Gola Rainforest in Sierra Leone Essay

Carbon Forestry in the Gola Rainforest in Sierra Leone - Essay Example WE will also examine drivers of deforestation and degradation in the Gola forest. Qualitative study using maps was used in Sierra Leone on developments of the REDD+ mechanism in helping address deforestation. While REDD+ carries potential benefits, the prospects for its successful implementation in a developing country like Sierra Leone faces multiple challenges to meeting both its objectives and opportunities to improve livelihood of the local communities. Global forests, particularly tropical rainforests, play a key role in climate regulation. They provide a range of other benefits such as rainfall for agriculture, flood prevention and biodiversity. However, human activities have significant impacts on forests which in turn affect climate and wider ecosystem services. Deforestation is a major contribution to climatic changes, deforestation alone has contributed to about 20 percent of global greenhouse gases (Gullison et al., 2007). In West Africa, the moist and semi deciduous forests that stretch across Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, Cote D Ivoire and Ghana have attracted attention as the assumed remainder of a once Upper Guinea forest ecosystem has progressively reduced due to deforestation and degradation. In various ways, international climate change negotiations have created opportunities and attention to the task of how to effectively slow down deforestation in developing countries. It would not only reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but would also provide additional benefits to the climate system including preserving the net carbon sink that may be present in old growth tropical forests and protect the environment. The basic goal is to preserve trees that would otherwise be cut down and thus release carbon dioxide, the most commonly emitted greenhouse gas. The REDD document specifically encourages parties to explore a range of actions, identify options,

Adrenoceptors and sympathomemtics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adrenoceptors and sympathomemtics - Essay Example In the vascular and smooth muscle cell, the alpha-2 adrenergic receptors are located in the postsynaptic terminal. Most of ÃŽ ± 1-adrenoceptors activation are linked to excitation of postsynaptic target ÃŽ ±-2-adrenoceptors usually activates the Gi inhibitory protein that in turn decreases cAMP. The inhibitory function of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors is vital negative feedback system to control of the discharge of presynaptic nerve terminal’s noradrenaline. These prevent prolonged activation of the effector organs such as male sex organs, eyes and veins (Bryant, Knights and Salerno, 2010, p. 209). These alpha-adrenergic receptors usually control the vasoconstriction of arterioles in skin, pupil dilation, gut relaxation and smooth muscle relaxation in the prostrate and bladder neck. Classification of beta-adrenergic receptors into ÃŽ ²1, ÃŽ ²2 and ÃŽ ²3 considers their affinity to agonist or antagonist. Location of site that recognises agonist and antagonist is in the portion of receptor that is membrane-bound. Distribution of Beta-adrenergic receptors is in various tissues. Beeta-1 is in the heart, beta-2 in the smooth muscle and beta-3 in adipocytes cell membrane (Bryant, Knights and Salerno, 2010, p. 210). All of the beta-adrenergic receptors lead to activation of adenylyl cyclase in which the agonists leads to formation of cAMP from ATP. Activation these receptors leads to increase heart beat rate, relaxed bronchus and uterine and vasoconstriction of arterioles supplying blood to skeletal muscle. Sympathomimetic drugs are those designed to act similarly like adrenaline or noradrenaline by their action on adrenoceptors and act in sympathetic stimulation of the system (Bertram and Anthony, 2009, p. 128). The classification of these drugs as direct or indirect agonist depends on their mode of action in stimulation of the neural

Problems with the US Education System

Problems with the US Education System One of the biggest problems with public school today is that academic performance is declining, particularly in urban areas and among disadvantaged populations. It is well known that education in the US has fallen behind many other countries internationally. We are behind most other countries in both science and math education. The Ayn Rand Institute puts it best, saying, American education is in ruins. In addition to the educational problems, the decline of the family involvement has been such that one now sees public service announcements reminding parents that they need to be the main influence in their kids lives. Although this problem bears disproportionately on the economically disadvantaged, who have no parents at home because all available adults must work to make ends meat. There seems to be a positive correlation between family income and educational achievement. The U. S. Census Bureau states that in 1996 23.7% of white high school graduates went on to complete at least four years of college education, compared to 13.5% for blacks and only 9.3% for Hispanics. So, the percentage of white high school graduates that go on to complete four or more years of college is more than twice the figure for the combined percentage for blacks and Hispanics (11.4%)! With statistics like these, its no wonder why the rich seem to get richer and the poor remain stuck in the gutter generation after generation. The effects of poverty are detrimental to students achievement and life prospects. For example, children and youth from low-income families are often older than others in their grade level, move more slowly through the educational system, are more likely to drop out, and are less likely to find work. Children in poverty are also more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems and are less likely than others to be highly engaged in school. These detrimental effects of living in poverty are further compounded for families that also are raising children with a disability. Furthermore, parents in low-income families are less likely to help their children complete homework assignments (Morrison, 2007). Historically, Americans have viewed education as an answer to many social ills; but a national poll found that 47 percent of Americans would give the nations public schools a grade of C for the quality of their work, and 19 percent would grade the schools as D or F. When asked about the schools in their own community, slightly less than half graded the schools as A or B, 35 percent gave a grade of C, and 11 percent assigned grades of D or F (Polling Report, 2007). (Lauer, 2007). Families are in a continual state of change as a result of social issues and changing times. Even the definition of what a family is varies as society changes. Families now include arrangements other than that of the traditional nuclear family: Single-parent families, headed by mothers or fathers Stepfamilies, including individuals related by either marriage or adoption Heterosexual, gay, or lesbian partners living together with children Extended families, which may include grandparents, uncles, aunts, other relatives, and individuals not related by kinship. As families change, so do the roles of parents, family members, and others. More parents work and have less time for their children and family affairs, working parents combine the roles of parents and employees, the number of hats that parents wear increases as families change (Morrison, 2007). The effects of poverty are detrimental to students achievement and life prospects. For example, children and youth from low-income families are often older than others in their grade level, move more slowly through the educational system, are more likely to drop out, and are less likely to find work. Children in poverty are also more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems and are less likely than others to be highly engaged in school. These detrimental effects of living in poverty are further compounded for families that also are raising children with a disability. Furthermore, parents in low-income families are less likely to help their children complete homework assignments (Morrison, 2007). Historically, Americans have viewed education as an answer to many social ills; but a national poll found that 47 percent of Americans would give the nations public schools a grade of C for the quality of their work, and 19 percent would grade the schools as D or F. When asked about the schools in their own community, slightly less than half graded the schools as A or B, 35 percent gave a grade of C, and 11 percent assigned grades of D or F (Polling Report, 2007). (Lauer, 2007). The crisis in American schools takes three major forms. First, student academic performance is declining, particularly in urban areas and among traditionally disadvantaged student populations. Second, discipline and moral behavior is quickly becoming non-existent. Third, the per-student expenditure is inflated beyond what is necessary. The first problem with public school today is that academic performance is declining, particularly in urban areas and among disadvantaged populations. In the 1980s, Americas education crisis received widespread publicity. Several reports were done on the impact of this education crisis on the workforce. These reports, especially those by the Hudson Institute and David Kearns, indicated massive shortcomings in education that left high-school graduates unable to effectively function in an increasingly technological and service-oriented economy (Tyson 1990). Beyond the area of skills-based education, public schools are sadly lacking in liberal arts education. It is well known that education in the US has fallen behind many other countries internationally. We are behind most other countries in both science and math education (Morrone 2000, U.S. EPA 1996). More specifically, the US ranks 18th out of 21 countries in math as a result of the dominance of progressive education techniques replacing traditional learning (Bernstein 2000). Even here in college, where the students represented are among the top in the nation, problems with object ive math prevail. The Ayn Rand Institute (2000) puts it best, saying, American education is in ruins. Students cannot read, write, add or think?. Parents who can afford to, send their children to private schools, in the desperate hope of finding sane teaching? More than ever, employers are left to pick up the pieces, training school graduates in the basic skills necessary for working life. These problems are exacerbated for African-Americans. According to the Economist (2003), Blacks who are disproportionately concentrated in inner-city areas) are getting a lousy deal from the public-school system. The National Assessment of Educational Progress, Americas equivalent of a national report card, reveals that the average black 17-year-old is four years behind his white counterpart in math and reading and five years behind in science. Black students are three times more likely than whites to be shunted off into dead-end special educational classes. In addition to educational problems, the much-heralded social engineers that seek to impose Progressive norms on Americas students have unfortunately succeeded. The rising self-esteem movement that seeks to avoid blame has clearly left its mark on our public education system. The retrogression toward anarchy occurred on the watch of Progressive education, which seeks to socialize students above actually providing knowledge. It is no wonder that an educational philosophy centered around never finding fault with another and seeking consensus before reason would lead to both educational failure of massive proportion and an increase in violent behavior due to the inability of students to reason together (Woiceshyn, 2000). We can hardly claim we werent warned. John Locke, the most influential philosopher in the minds of our founders, indicated he could easily do without public education. Lockes fears regarding civic education about have been borne out in contemporary America, as young peo ple are increasingly left to shift for themselves. The decline of the family has been such that one now sees public service announcements reminding parents that they need to be the main influence in their kids lives (Schaub, 2002).? Again, this problem bears disproportionately on the economically disadvantaged, who have no parents at home because all available adults must work to make ends meet. Predictably, black males are the most disadvantaged of all, as indicated by their higher rates of incarceration (Mauer, 1990) and suspension from school. Conclusion One thing we can say with certainty about the educational landscape today is that parents, families, and communities are as much a part of the educational process as are children, teachers, and staff. At no other time in U.S. educational history has support for family and community involvement in schools and programs been so high. All concerned view the involvement of families and communities as critical for individual student success, as well as for the success of the American dream of providing all children with an education that will meet their needs and enable them to be productive members of society (Morrison, 2007) Teachers are born, not made and with training and practice teachers are transformed from strong ones into gifted ones. I personally do not believe there is a single formula for classroom success. In order to be an effective teacher one needs to employ structural strategies to address the range of students learning needs. I also believe that, part of being successful in todays classroom is having relationships with the students that are based on maintaining appropriate roles, which suggests clarity in behavioral expectation and consistency in response to disciplinary situations. Communication and classroom management are vital to the success of teaching, having a sense of humor; knowledge and caring are also needed for todays teachers. In general teachers success=student success. School tracking is the process of separating students into leveled course selections according to academic ability. But the matching of students to different tracks tends to bring with it racial, ethnic and social-class overtones from the very beginning. Jeannie Oakes found that race more than ability determined which students were placed in which tracks, and that the lower tracked students had fewer learning opportunities and teachers expected little from them and offered fewer constructive comments. The first public school in America was established by Puritan settlers in 1635. The school was publicly funded and the first classes were held in the home of the schools master. What is so fascinating is that 5 of the 56 signers of the US Constitution attended Boston Latin: John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Treat Paine, and William Hooper. The basis to create a public school system was initially formed by. Jefferson. In the 1600s, the dominant belief on educating the children was due to religious reasons. However, with the arrival of people from many countries and belonging to different faiths led to a weakening of the concept. People rejected the English only school and opposed the clergy imposing their religious views through public education. By the middle of the eighteenth century, private schooling had become the norm. Jefferson believed that education should be under the control of the government, free from religious biases, and available to all people irrespective of their status in society. Until the 1840s the education system was highly localized and available only to wealthy people. Reformers like Horace Mann and Henry Barnard who wanted all children to gain the benefits of education opposed this. As a result of their efforts, free public education at the elementary level was available for all American children by the end of the 19th century. Education has not always been free and available to everyone. Many people had to die in order to provide minorities as well as the poor the opportunity to attend equal schools. The first blacks arrived as slaves in the colonies in 1619 and were initially taught by the missionaries to convert them to Christianity. In spite of individual efforts, the education of blacks remained very low until Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. The literacy rate that was around 5% in the 1860s rose to 40% in 1890 and by 1910 it was at 70%. During the 1950s segregation by race in public and private schools was still common in the United States. In 1954 the Supreme Court unanimously ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and by 1980 the federal courts succeeded in eliminating the system of legalized segregation in southern schools. Is the education system better off today? We all know that the advancement in technology and learning methods has brought about a lot of change for the better in the public education. However, Schools are facing other social problems such violence, drugs, alcohol, smoking, and sex-related issues. Low tracks suffered from more classroom management problems, and focused more on social rather than academic matters. Tracking does not result in the equal and equitable distribution of effective schooling among all students. Instead, it allocates the most valuable school experiences to students who already have the greatest academic, economic, and social advantages. I tend to lean toward the conservative and traditional way teaching, therefore, I fine the Teacher-Centered Philosophy approach is more in-line with my thinking. For the Perennialist, reality is a world of reason and would favor a curriculum of subjects and doctrine, taught through highly disciplined drill and behavior control. Kids come to school with lots of knowledge and lots of interests. However, the job of the school is to teach them what they do not know and teach these things in a systematic and organized way. The students are there to learn what they do not know, thus, the environment should be task oriented and disciplined. It is not to fill their minds with isolated fragments of information but to fill them with systematic knowledge. They need to learn, and as they get older, they need human insights and skills that come from the disciplines. Najlaa Reference: Sadker, David M.. Teachers Schools and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill/Course As a teacher, you will be called to follow your ethical compass to protect the physical and emotional well-being of your students and to guide students own ethical development (Sadker 2008, pg. 271). Teachers must take a position on moral issues and help students understand right from wrong. But they also have to be aware of their first impressions and be sure they have all the relevant facts. If one does not have them, get them. In the classroom teachers may not use racist or sexist humor or exchange grades for money or sexual favors. They need to think before acting, respect and be sensitive to cultural differences. For example, think twice before telling a joke (any joke!) that might offend other races or cultures. Teachers have always been considered role models for their students and whatever they say and do will have a great impact on them.

Essay on Freedom and Satan in John Milton’s Paradise Lost

Freedom and Satan in Paradise Lost  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Satan's primary operational problem in Paradise Lost is his lack of obedience. The fundamental misunderstanding which leads to Satan's disobedience is his separation of free will from God's hierarchical power. In the angel Raphael's account, Satan tells his dominions, "Orders and Degrees/Jarr not with liberty" (5.792-93). Tempting as this differentiation seems, Satan is mistaken. Free will and hierarchical power are not mutually exclusive, as Satan suggests, but overlapping concepts. Even though Satan has been created with sufficient freedom to choose to disobey, he tacitly acknowledges God's sovereignty when he exercises his choice. Satan is constrained existentially, from the outset, by having a specific choice to make about whether or not to obey God. Satan, just as all angels, demons, and humans, may exercise his freedom as assent or dissent, for God had created him "Sufficient to have stood, though free to fall./Such I [God] created all th' ethereal powers/And spirits . . . /Freely they stood who stood, and fell who fell" (3.99-102; cf. 5.549). If Satan would choose neither to assent nor to dissent, thereby refusing to exercise his free will, he would be discarding his free will. But this is impossible, as the demons determine in counsel in Book II; so long as he exists, Satan must make choices with respect to his possible obedience to God. If Satan's first mistake was to completely divorce his free will from God's power in giving him that freedom, his second mistake occurs in his conception of what it means to exercise that freedom. God says that "Not free, what proof could they [Satan et al.] have given sincere/Of true allegiance"? (3.103-04). But Satan has exactly the... ...lthough one can choose, as Satan does, to dissent and disobey, such purportedly self-creative acts are in fact merely an acknowledgment of God's hierarchical power. When pride and ambition to be like God prevent humans from hearing the "umpire Conscience" God has placed within us (3.195; Satan likewise has been given conscience enough to remember the call to obedience, 4.23), we become like Satan, for the same reasons constrained to listen only to the Satanic voice dissenting in our ears. Works Cited Scott Elledge, ed., Paradise Lost, second edn. (NY: Norton, 1993). Millicent Bell, "The Fallacy of the Fall in Paradise Lost," PMLA 68 (1953), 863-83; here p. 878. Northrop Frye, The Return of Eden (Buffalo: Univ. of Toronto, 1965), 39-40, 43 Barbara Lewalski, Paradise Lost and the Rhetoric of Literary Forms (Princeton: Princeton U. , 1985), 174.   

Traditional Skills Are Disappearing

In earlier times, people willingly learned skills such as repairing their household items or making clothes. And they used to practice it to their benefit. Some would even proudly talk about it in their friends and family get togethers. such were the part time activities in those past years of human race. Though all these skills had their advantages but it also required some free time. Also, there were very less opportunities to pass leisure hours. But in this modern age, an average person is busy enough that taking some time our for even learning such skills is not possible.From childhood to adulthood and later, day-to-day routine tasks take so much efforts and time that these extra skills are nearly abandoned. Besides one reason being non-availability of free time, interest in these activities has lost its wya. there used to be a charm in designing own clothes, mending household items or even repairing furniture. But modern inventions, career building, social activities etc has pla yed its part in this downfall. In my country, except a few towns and villages, people are reluctant to pursue these past practices.Fast paced life style, interest in other curricular activities, less learning opportunities for these dying skills, and no encouragement for it is dominant around here. I think no matter how busy our life is, benefits from these skills are plentiful and one should try to practice it atleast to keep it alive. If we gain the insight into the history, it is not difficult to discover that when a country develops its technology, the traditional skills and ways of life always die out.Weather it is pointless to keep them alive is increasing becoming the focus of governments and citizen concern around the globe. In this essay I will try to analyse this issue to some cases and give my answer. Many people in my country believe it is a wise decision to keep them alive since the tradition is the heritage we inherit from our ancestors; therefore, we have the obligati on to preserve and keep them moving along in the future. Moreover, traditions now have a much pivotal role to play. For instance, Chinese conventional Spring Festival has become a crucial pportunity for Chinese families, probably live apart from each other for career and study, to strengthen their family bonds. Obviously, this kind of household party can absolutely contribute to the wellbeing and advancement of our society. It is, however, not an easy job to prove that view totally true. Some individuals firmly argue that to keep the traditional skills and ways of life alive makes nonsense. To be more specifically, the conventional ways of life, something we used to be proud of, have turned out to be the obstacle and barrier of the implementation of new technology.For example, people who live in rural area still persist in using wood and log for heating, because of the low price, which had better be replaced by solar energy, while this method costs more. Even though there will be so me resistance created by our traditional skills and ways of life when we are marching for the industrialisation. I do agree to keep them there, because it is our tradition that gives us the superiority to other creatures on this planet, that is why I prefer this view.

Forensic Psychology: Fitness for Duty Evaluation

The nature of fitness-for-duty evaluations is different from other psychological services in that they involve a mandatory referral to the psychologist and fitness Information Is communicated to the department Thus, specific issues of psychologist training and knowledge are crucial. Fitness for duty evaluation Police Psychologists play substantial roles In the employment and maintenance of law enforcement. A main role the psychologist plays is in the area of psychological assessment.The Fitness for duty evaluation (FED) assesses and evaluates a police officer's personality, psychology, intelligence, and overall fit for the line of work. This type of assessment Is also frequently conducted through pre-employment psychological screenings. This paper briefly addresses the pre;employment psychological screening. However, the primary focus is on the forensic psychologist's role as it applies to the FED. Pre-employment psychological screenings are designed to Identify unsuitable police can didates.Testing has become more complex over the years in order to detect Issues not easily identified In earlier standard testing. (Derrick & Chaplain, 2006). Several tests, such as the Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (IMP) and the Inlaid Personality Inventory (PUPIL have become more utilized for this purpose over the years . Research has established that these tests, particularly the PIP, tend to be successful In predicting negative indicators for aspects such as officer performance after training (Singing, Schumacher, Gardner, &Chaplin, 1995).It has also been found that The Pl and IMP have also proven effective in detecting dishonest test answers. Importantly, it has been suggested the test detects Is best at Identifying unsophisticated deceivers while superior ones are more successful In cheating the tests (Forum &: stock, Tests such as the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R) is 993). Frequently used as a predict recruits that will perform well once on the job (Derrick & Callahan, 2006).Other research (Derrick & Callahan, 2006) suggests that the NEO PI-R Is able to foresee which recruits will perform well as officers. Some experts also believe that the NEO PI-R may be utilized in recognizing weaknesses in cleared emcee candidates Ana teen strengthening tense areas. Thanes-Tort-AU evaluations (Fades) are often in response to an officer's display of some form of questionable behavior. These behaviors may include aspects such as stress, excessive force, substance abuse, psychological disorders, depression, or family problems.The evaluation is conducted in order to determine several key factors. These include the decision as to if the officer should continue at present duty level, if treatment or intervention is needed, or if Job task modifications are necessary. The assessment typically comprises a review of the officer's records. Aspects of the record such as awards, commendations, and reprimands are measured. Additionally, individual sessions with the officer are often conducted. Interviews with family are often conducted as well.Lastly, a medical examination is frequently recommended to establish or rule out other issues affecting the officer (Bartok & Bartok, 2008) In addition to use for recruitment, Psychological tests such as The Operational Police Stress Questionnaire (Soup) and the Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire (SQ-Org) are frequently utilized to in both recruitment and to measure stress levels in active duty officers. (Macrame & Thompson, 2006). Duty-related stress is measured by the SQ-Pop and the SQ. Org measures stress that is caused from the actual law enforcement organization.The tests were designed in this way due to data that has established that these two groups are the main stress generating areas for officers. The role of the forensic psychologist as it pertains to FED is of interest to this student for several reasons. First of all, research has established that psychological servi ces play a vital role throughout law enforcement agencies. Law enforcement officials have begun to recognize and acknowledge the need for psychological services designed to deal with the unique culture among police officers. Another reason of interest is the value in psychological testing.Psychological tests can be used to assist in recruit selection as well as stress testing for current officers. Furthermore, the creation of additional and improved tools as a result of developing research and development for the purpose of improving law enforcement organizations is exciting. â€Å"Psychologists provide services, teach, and conduct research with populations and in areas only within the boundaries of their competence, based on their education, training, supervised experience, consultation, study, or professional experience† (PAP, 2002, p. 1063; Standard 2. AAA Boundaries of Competence).

Thomas Youngs Double Slit Experiment

Thomas Young's Double Slit Experiment Throughout the nineteenth century, physicists had a consensus that light behaved like a wave, in large part thanks to the famous double slit experiment performed by Thomas Young. Driven by the insights from the experiment, and the wave properties it demonstrated, a century of physicists sought out the medium through which light was waving, the luminous ether.  Though the experiment is most notable with light, the fact is that this sort of experiment can be performed with any type of wave, such as water. For the moment, however, well focus on the behavior of light. What Was the Experiment? In the early 1800s (1801 to 1805, depending on the source), Thomas Young conducted his experiment. He allowed light to pass through a slit in a barrier so it expanded out in wave fronts from that slit as a light source (under Huygens Principle). That light, in turn, passed through the pair of slits in another barrier (carefully placed the right distance from the original slit). Each slit, in turn, diffracted the light as if they were also individual sources of light. The light impacted an observation screen. This is shown to the right. When a single slit was open, it merely impacted the observation screen with greater intensity at the center and then faded as you moved away from the center. There are two possible results of this experiment: Particle interpretation: If light exists as particles, the intensity of both slits will be the sum of the intensity from the individual slits. Wave interpretation: If light exists as waves, the light waves will have interference under the principle of superposition, creating bands of light (constructive interference) and dark (destructive interference). When the experiment was conducted, the light waves did indeed show these interference patterns. A third image that you can view is a graph of the intensity in terms of position, which matches with the predictions from interference. Impact of Young's Experiment At the time, this seemed to conclusively prove that light traveled in waves, causing a revitalization in Huygens wave theory of light, which included an invisible medium, ether, through which the waves propagated. Several experiments throughout the 1800s, most notably the famed Michelson-Morley experiment, attempted to detect the ether or its effects directly. They all failed and a century later, Einsteins work in the photoelectric effect and relativity resulted in the ether no longer being necessary to explain the behavior of light. Again a particle theory of light took dominance. Expanding the Double Slit Experiment Still, once the photon theory of light came about, saying the light moved only in discrete quanta, the question became how these results were possible. Over the years, physicists have taken this basic experiment and explored it in a number of ways. In the early 1900s, the question remained how light - which was now recognized to travel in particle-like bundles of quantized energy, called photons, thanks to Einsteins explanation of the  photoelectric effect  - could also exhibit the behavior of waves. Certainly, a bunch of water atoms (particles) when acting together form waves. Maybe this was something similar. One Photon at a Time It became possible to have a light source that was set up so that it emitted one photon at a time. This would be, literally, like hurling microscopic ball bearings through the slits. By setting up a screen that was sensitive enough to detect a single photon, you could determine whether there were or were not interference patterns in this case. One way to do this is to have a sensitive film set up and run the experiment over a period of time, then look at the film to see what the pattern of light on the screen is. Just such an experiment was performed and, in fact, it matched Youngs version identically - alternating light and dark bands, seemingly resulting from wave interference. This result both confirms and bewilders the wave theory. In this case, photons are being emitted individually. There is literally no way for wave interference to take place because each photon can only go through a single slit at a time. But the wave interference is observed. How is this possible? Well, the attempt to answer that question has spawned many intriguing interpretations of  quantum physics, from the Copenhagen interpretation to the many-worlds interpretation. It Gets Even Stranger Now assume that you conduct the same experiment, with one change. You place a detector that can tell whether or not the photon passes through a given slit. If we know the photon passes through one slit, then it cannot pass through the other slit to interfere with itself. It turns out that when you add the detector, the bands disappear. You perform the exact same experiment, but only add a simple measurement at an earlier phase, and the result of the experiment changes drastically. Something about the act of measuring which slit is used removed the wave element completely. At this point, the photons acted exactly as wed expect a particle to behave. The very uncertainty in position is related, somehow, to the manifestation of wave effects. More Particles Over the years, the experiment has been conducted in a number of different ways. In 1961, Claus Jonsson performed the experiment with electrons, and it  conformed  with Youngs behavior, creating interference patterns on the observation screen. Jonssons version of the experiment was voted the most beautiful experiment by  Physics World  readers in 2002. In 1974, technology became able to perform the experiment by releasing a single electron at a time. Again, the interference patterns showed up. But when a detector is placed at the slit, the interference once again disappears. The experiment was again performed in 1989 by a Japanese team that was able to use much more refined equipment. The experiment has been performed with photons, electrons, and atoms, and each time the same result becomes obvious - something about measuring the position of the particle at the slit removes the wave behavior. Many theories exist to explain why, but so far much of it is still conjecture.

Outline and discuss the evolution of CSR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Outline and discuss the evolution of CSR - Essay Example This paper explores the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility, tracing its evolution and how businesses implement it as well as how it affects them. II. Definitions of CSR Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) may be perceived in a variety of ways depending on one’s perspective. One commonly accepted definition is as follows: â€Å"The continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of local community and society at large.† - World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2005 Another definition created by the European Commission (2003) is: â€Å"Responsible business practices that support the three principles of sustainable development: economic growth and prosperity, social cohesion and equity and environmental integrity and protection.† (p.5) III. Principles of CSR The United Nations is the main promoter of CSR. On December 31, 1999, then Secretary General Kofi Annan declared its principles at the World Economic Forum in Davos (Madrakhimova, 2013): 1. Human Rights – Commercial organizations should maintain support and respect for internationally recognized human rights in the creation of their standards of work. The rights to bargain collectively of workers must be upheld. Forced labour and child labour should be eliminated along with any form of discrimination in the workplace. 2. Ecology – Corporations should be conscious of the prevention of environmental problems and diligent in carrying out a more responsible attitude towards the care of the environment. They need to promote technologies and know-how in the reduction of negative impacts of some systems on the environment. 3. Anti-corruption – Corruption in all forms which include extortion, bribery and red tape must be prevented. 4. Legal responsibility – Legal frameworks bound in the territories where the businesses st and must be enforced. 5. Global responsibility – Compliance with international standards of social responsibility 6. Environmental Responsibility – collaboration of businesses and society in the rational use of natural resources, effective management of the environment and public health from the production of environmentally-friendly products. 7. Cultural and ethical responsibility – Compliance with relevant territorial cultural and ethical customs and traditions as well as moral norms followed by employees and other stakeholders. 8. Philantropic responsibility – support and development of the society and of individual marginal groups through voluntary participation in social programs and social and financial investment. IV. Benefits of CSR In a study of Lithuanian development of CSR practices, Spukiene & Urbonien (2011) report the following internal benefits in adopting CSR practices have been recognized: business sustainability; competitive advantage; e asier compliance with legislation; employee loyalty; attraction and retention of qualified employees; increase in productivity, quality and sales; financial improvement and access to capital; and reduction of costs. External benefits from adopting CSR practices were acknowledged as well: improved image and reputation; preservation of the environment; intangible benefits; contribution to Lithuania?s sustainable development; increased visibility; promotion of solidarity in the community; clients? loyalty; and

The Minimum Wage Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Minimum Wage Law - Essay Example Opponents contend that the law costs jobs and is an unwarranted and unnecessary intrusion into the affairs of business. In fact, the minimum wage law is an unproductive and unconstitutional law that increases unemployment, does not reduce poverty, and should be repealed. Labor is one of the few commodities that is marketed in the US that has a price floor, and this artificial subsidy is counter-productive in a capitalist economy. Subsidies on items such as agricultural goods serve the purpose of stabilizing the market during periods of unusual production gluts or shortages. However, this is not the case for labor. The low skilled, low-end worker is subsidized by their co-workers and the employer as a form of economic welfare. For example, an employer needs to hire two people and he has a budget of $13.10 per hour for labor. One of the positions is more skilled, and the other is part time so he would like to hire an $8 per hour employee and a $5 per hour part time worker. However, the law says that he must hire two employees at $6.55 each to stay within his budget. The part time worker receives a $1.55 subsidy from his more skilled co-worker. The employer is faced with hiring a sub-standard employee for the $8 per hour slot, or hiring only one employ ee. According to Sowell, "Making it illegal to pay less than a given amount does not make a worker's productivity worth that amount, and if it is not, that worker is unlikely to be employed" (163-164). When goods, in this case labor, are overpriced the market demand is reduced. Rather than providing a living wage and a job, the minimum wage law drives down the cost of labor and transfers wealth from the lower economic classes to the minimum wage job holder. In addition to the reduction in demand for labor that comes as the result of mandatory pricing, there is also an oversupply of labor as many people make their services available that may not have been offered at the previous and lower prices. Teenagers, first time job seekers, part time workers, and seasonal workers may drive up the supply as their labor becomes worth more and working becomes more worthwhile. This adds to the evidence that most minimum wage jobs are filled by teenagers working summer jobs, part time help, and entry level workers, rather than coming from a background of poverty or the working poor (Even and MacPherson ii). Rather than increasing wages, the current minimum wage law creates an oversupply of labor and actually keeps wages down. The US has traditionally been a free market capitalist system, and intervening with an artificial floor on wages that is determined outside the market, reduces total employment in this environment of market economics. Labor, just as goods and services, is subject to the law of supply and demand. According to Ferguson, "The main influence is the pressure of demand on the supplies of goods and services and on the supply of labor. When demand exceeds supply there will be pressure on wages to rise" (215). The law of supply and demand further states that when prices rise, demand falls. This is especially true with prices that are set by a legal mandate. Sowell states, "a price artificially raised tends to cause more to be supplied and less to be demanded than when prices are left to be determined by supply and demand in a free market" (163). As